Code of Ethics Professional Accountants

Feminism Blog Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Woman's rights Blog Analysis - Essay Example The primary comparability between the two locales picked for investigation is simply the duty they take concerning what they are expounding on. Specifically, the substance of the online journals recommends that the two destinations consider treating everybody with equivalent regard significant; likewise, securing ladies and facing sexism is in the core interest. In a smaller sense, the two destinations both concur that women’s regenerative rights ought not be confined. They contend that ladies ought to be able to pick whether, how, and when they have or not have youngsters. The destinations additionally feature the possibility that women’s regenerative rights are influenced at various levels, for example, economy, medication, training, criminal equity, government, network, and others. The utilization of online life has assumed a huge job in the advanced women's activist development just as by they way it is seen in the general public. Truth be told, web based life offer s young ladies a chance to utilize their voices in a bigger crowd. Internet based life makes women's activist activism increasingly equitable, which implies that anybody can take an interest in it. It evacuates land obstructions and, therefore, makes it workable for millions to join as it encourages open exchanges autonomous of the participants’ area. One of the instances of the co-called arranged woman's rights is the wide utilization of hashtags that gives the likelihood to bunches messages on the issue and, thusly, to make it simpler to get the data and check the messages which incorporate it.

5 Winter Holiday-Themed Bulletin Board Ideas for Your Classroom

5 Winter Holiday-Themed Bulletin Board Ideas for Your Classroom Veteran teacher Heather has curated a great collection of fun, easy, and meaningful winter holiday-themed bulletin board ideas from around the web to share with you and your students this holiday season! by Heather Aulisio The holidays are right around the corner. Before you know it, your little learners will be preoccupied with thoughts of Santa, the taste of holiday cookies and treats, and the thoughts of spending time with their family. You can embrace this jolly time by decorating your bulletin boards to compliment their excitement and anticipation. Here are five holiday themed bulletin boards for your classroom that your students are sure to love (and you’ll be pretty fond of too!). 1.   Don't Be a Grinch, Be Kind! Share this powerful message with your students, regardless of their age or cultural beliefs. This bulletin board will help emphasize that the holidays are about the spirit of selflessness and giving. It is also a non-denominational, non-cultural display, so all students are able to participate in and appreciate it. Kindness is universal! Credit: The Simplistic Teacher 2.   Hip, Hip Hooray for the Holidays! Everyone loves Pete the Cat! More appropriate for students in grades K-2 - your bulletin board will look utterly adorable when Pete adorns it. Be sure to read some Pete the Cat holiday stories while you’re building the board in order to get students excited for the final product. Credit: Mud Pie Studio 3.   Light-Up Gingerbread Village This bulletin board gets the whole classroom community in on the decorating action. Invite some parent volunteers in. Each student should bring in a small box. With some help, create 3-D houses out of the boxes. Exacto-knives will help carve out windows and doors, and plenty of construction or tissue paper will cover the boxes. Allow students to decorate them as they like. Line the background of your board with blue for the sky and white for the mountains. Using push pins, secure each box house to the board. Run a string of lights through each box, so that the light shines through. Decorate the rest of the board with student-created Christmas trees and a glittery letters that say “Seasons Greetings.” These mini houses will look cute and peaceful when you dim your lights and they’ll love the help they receive from parent volunteers (and so will you!). Credit: Nienke Krook/bulletinboardideas.org 4.   What Brings You Joy? Again, keeping with the true meaning and spirit of the holidays, focusing on happiness is key. Allow the students to write what brings them joy around the holidays inside the letters. Voila! You have a boast-worthy board that was also created by your students. Credit: Keeping Creativity Alive 5.   Learning Is A Gift Limited for space? Why not use one of your side blackboards to set up a holiday themed bulletin board? Allow the blackboard to serve as your background. Layer up a few festive borders, and using pieces of rectangular construction paper, decorate each as a gift. Students can add stickers to them and bows. Your students will be reminded how lucky they are to have a great teacher and wonderful education everyday! Credit: TREND Enterprises You don’t have to spend a lot of money on your holiday bulletin boards. All you need is a little time, effort, and creativity. Your students will go ga-ga over these festive boards and will put them in the holiday mood (and will brighten up your spirits as well). Happy holidays! Do you have go-to winter holiday bulletin board ideas? Share with us on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. Heather Aulisio is a third grade teacher in Pennsylvania. She has been a teacher for nearly 15 years and holds multiple degrees and certifications. A freelancer for The Mailbox and other education-related clients and publications, she enjoys writing in order to help and entertain fellow teachers. She currently resides with her husband, Bryan; son, Matthew; and two pugs, Lily and Leo.

Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs Law Reform - 2079 Words

Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (OMCG’s) inhabit an active presence in all states and territories in Australia. Some members of these gangs are responsible for serious organised crime and yet the total gang and membership numbers of Australian OMCGs is rising. According the Australian Crime Commission1. (ACC), Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs are among the most detectable components of Australia’s criminal landscapes and because unlike other criminal organisations who try and keep themselves anonymous, OMCGs on the other hang maintain websites, openly represent themselves through gang patches, tattoos, leather and publicly fight amongst themselves. These gangs have two sides; one legitimate operation of business (transport, private security,†¦show more content†¦The issue costs the Australian Government over $15 billion dollars annually. The Australian Crime Commission conservatively estimates that serious and organised crime costs Australia $15 billion every year. This cost comprises loss of business and taxation revenues, expenditure on law enforcement and regulatory efforts, and social and community impacts of crime. Raising public awareness of crime issues is an important step in minimising the impact serious and organised crime can have on the community. The Government has introduced many initiatives aimed to dismantle and investigate OMCGs in Australia. The most recent tasks include; The Attero Task Force, established by the Serious and Organised Crime Coordination Committee, an initiative between state and territory law enforcement and Commonwealth agency partners to target, disrupt, disable, dismantle and investigate the criminal activity of the Rebels OMCG in Australia and was the first of is kind to tackle a specific Australian OMCG. June 2012 National Anti-Gang Task Force, which fights gang related crime as well as an Australian Gang intelligence centre to provide national criminal information and trends on gang activity across Australia and its links overseas. The force includes members from the Australian Federal Police, StateShow MoreRelatedMy Understanding of Extremism and Domestic Terrorism Essay704 Words   |  3 Pagesattacks on the United States and its people by its own citizens, has shocked many Americans. Americans feel that after 911, the sense of patriotism and support for the government should have been at an all time high. However, strict gov ernment reforms and new laws that have tightened and, what some feel, interfere with some of our freedoms since 911 have drastically upset many of the extremist groups and militias. Militia members have intense hatred or fear toward the government and believe that thereRead MoreMoral Entrepreneur - Howard S. 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The study focuses on some of the prominent gangs in the world today; it explains the activities of the Russian mafia and other gangs. This paperRead MoreTorture and Custodial Violence in Prisons12554 Words   |  51 PagesYashwardhan Pratap Singh 1st year, B.A.LLB Course, Jindal Global Law School, O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana. Report on - The Custodial Violence and Torture In Prisons: Can it be justified even if done for a greater good? Where to draw the line between the autonomy of the police and the rights of the prisoners ? Basic Structure – * Human Rights- Importance, protection, NHRC’s role, International law,State, District. Why are they important? * What is the root problemRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesorganizational culture, organizational environments, and differences among national cultures is a result of the work of anthropologists or those using their methods. There Are Few Absolutes in OB 6 Demonstrate why few absolutes apply to OB. Laws in the physical sciences—chemistry, astronomy, physics—are consistent and apply in a wide range of situations. They allow scientists to generalize about the pull of gravity or to be confident about sending astronauts into space to repair satellites

Essay about Gestalt Play Therapy Theory, Techniques,...

Gestalt therapy is a type of therapy used to deepen our awareness of ourselves. According to O’Connor and Braverman, (2009) â€Å"Gestalt implies wholeness. â€Å"Gestalt therapy is a process-oriented, experiential therapy that is concerned with the integrated functioning of all aspects of the person: senses, body, emotions and intellect.† Gestalt therapy can help shed light on suppressed feelings by helping us to focus our awareness on our feelings in the â€Å"here and now.† Once recognized, resolution of uncomfortable feelings, correction of habitual negative behavior patterns, and recognizing and changing negative thought processes can become a part of the therapeutic work. Through this form of therapeutic process, individuals†¦show more content†¦Wertheimer posited the theoretical position that thinking proceeds from the whole to the parts. (Miller, 1975) In treating a problem as a whole, the whole would dominate over parts, resulting in a synthesis. In this theory, the concept of grouping understanding aspects of visual and other stimuli which cause the subject to interpret a problem or perceptual event in a certain way is important to understanding the therapeutic process. The inception of cognition starts with a problem. The problem causes tension, the tension produces strain and the strain would prompt the individual to attempt to ameliorate the situation. The Gestalt process of resolving a problem is to proceed from a bad gestalt to a better one. In the selected case study, The mode of therapeutic intervention will take the Gestalt Play Therapy focus. The interaction between Jacob and I will be an open dialogue with straightforward caring, warmth, acceptance, and self-responsibility that specifically focuses on inclusion, with me fully present in the experience of Jacob, where I will not judge, analyze, or interpret what is observed. My presence refers to expressing observations, preferences, feelings, per sonal experience, and thoughts to Jacob. Commitment to dialogue will present the opportunity to encourage a sense of connection between Jacob and me. Our dialogue will be active and nonverbal or verbal. It can be any modality that expresses and movesShow MoreRelatedEssay about Gestalt Therapy1161 Words   |  5 PagesGestalt Therapy Gestalt therapy was largely developed by Fritz Perls and his wife, Laura. Together they created a theory that is based on the premise that individuals must be understood in the context of their ongoing relationship with the environment. To better understand that, one must review the key concepts, therapeutic process, and the techniques of application. The first key concept of Gestalt therapy is its view of human nature. 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In this group, therapists often utilize some of the psychotherapy theories such as Gestalt, transactional analysis, psychotherapy or psychodramaRead MoreThe Student Health Center For Hiv / Aid Testing1528 Words   |  7 Pagesare many theories and techniques for that could be used in addressing her issues, I believe Person-Centered and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy are the two approaches better suited when counseling students who are dealing with stress and anxiety caused by a traumatic event. In Sophie’s case, the traumatic event was attempted rape. A counselor using Person-Centered Therapy would view the student as the primary agent for constructive self-change. Roger, the founder of Person-Centered Therapy, argued thatRead MoreEssay about Application Assignment: Gestalt Therapy1734 Words   |  7 PagesWeek 2 Application Assignment: Gestalt Therapy 7.1 Defining the Core Constructs of Gestalt Therapy. When Helen reclaims her seat as Helen in the experiment, the therapist asks her to respond to her mother. What evidence do you see that would indicate that Helen has polarized thinking around her mothers expectations of her? Helen feel anger, pain, fear, or hurt but never show it, she internalize her pain and kept it inside. The therapist asks her to respond to her mother Sara, the angerRead MoreGestalt Therapy with Children and a Comparative Therapy3937 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Gestalt therapy, which was founded by Fritz and Laura Perls in the 1940s, teaches the therapists and their clients the phenomenological awareness method, where feeling, perceiving and acting are differentiated from interpreting and rearranging the pre-existing attitudes. Gestalt therapists and clients’ dialogue, thus communicating their phenomenological perspectives, and their differences in perceptions form the basis and focus of experimentation and continued dialogue. The desiredRead MoreUsing an Anonymous Current Client or One You Have Worked with in the Past, Apply the Methods Discussed in This Module to Their Case and Discuss What You Think Could Have Been Achieved.†3033 Words   |  13 Pagesachieved.† In this essay I will utilise the case of M.E. to explore the possible theoretical achievements the implementation of Transactional Analysis (T.A.) and Gestalt approaches might have facilitated. Focusing on each therapeutic approach in turn, an analysis of the issues of M.E.’s case will be explored in terms of application of the two approaches and the possible resultant outcome. The case of M.E. comprised that of a 56 year old female who living with her husband. The legacyRead MoreCritically Evaluate Three Counselling Intervention / Techniques and Use This Evaluation to Reflect on the Application of the Humanistic Theory in Counselling Practice and How They Contribute to the Effectiveness of the Process.2358 Words   |  10 PagesBy definition; counselling interventions and techniques can be described as a unique interrelationship between a client and a counsellor, with the sole aim to promote a change and growth and encourage a shift in behaviour towards fulfilling his or her human potential. (Feltham amp; Horton, 2006) It is the responsibility of the counsellor to contribute to the process of change during the counselling process, to enhance his or her clients personal development. The current essay will critically evaluateRead MoreCarl Gustav and Sigmund Freud on Human Nature and Existencial Theory926 Words   |  4 Pagesdeterministically, and po stulated that human motivation was grounded in unconscious biological urges for sexual satiation. Freud strongly emphasized the development that occurred during childhood and attempted to explain this development using his five stage theory–oral, anal, genital, latent, phallic—of psychosexual development. For the sake of brevity the stages will not discussed individually however, it is important to note that each stage was characterized by an erogenous zone, which correlated with Freud’s

The Relationship Between Social Media and Empathy Free Essays

string(138) " school diploma or equivalent, 75 had an associate degree, 98 had a bachelor’s degree, and 52had a graduate or professional degree\." Human interaction is rapidly shifting from peer interaction to virtual interaction and with it is are understand of empathy in others. This research will try to understand if the use of Facebook effects the level of empathy in adults. We hypothesis that the level of empathy will decrease as the hours spend in Facebook increase. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Social Media and Empathy or any similar topic only for you Order Now A 20-minute online survey was distributed in popular social media sites such as Facebook among others. With results of 389 participants responding, this was considered a small sample size compare to subscribers in this site. It is expected to find that as hours increase empathy decrease in adults. Results show that hours spend using Facebook per day has no effect in empathy levels in adults. There is no Signiant difference in less than one hour a day and 1-2 hour usage of Facebook. Gender also yield no significant difference in empathy levels and the use of Facebook. results show no significant results and rejection of are hypothesis. Online generally does not appear to reduce peoples’ capacity for real-world empathy. More reach need to be done for online activities to appear to negatively affect real-world empathy, including video gaming and online activities that are not associated with increased time. Does Facebook Effect Empathy Levels in Adults? In recent years social media has become one if not the most popular way people interact with each other. Through social media people can socialize, communicate and virtually interact with each other within the comfort of their own home. Research have been shown, given several possible effects technology might affect empathy in users. According to Ogan, Suheyd. (2017) it has shown that empathy is negatively affected by technology use, particularly social media use, mostly because technology tends to decrease face-to-face interaction. The study also states that it’s not clear whether technology’s harmfully affects empathy or whether people who are low in empathy tend to use technology more,( Ogan, Suhevda. (2017). With this new way of communication comes numerous questions that arise. Is the current population who use online interaction be able to express empathy toward their peers during face to face interaction? In my research I will try to understand, if social media usage effects empathy levels in young adults. One question the research will try to answer is are the hours spend per day using Facebook effect the level of empathy in adults? Empathy is categorized as one’s skill to feel along with others, to share in their pleasure and adversities. In psychology, it has often been defined as a multidimensional construct, comprising both cognitive and behavioral states (Davis, M.H. (1983). As with many wanted prosocial characters, folks are not born with this inborn ability, but learn to become empathic through training approaches. Yet, if one is not exposed to the necessary nurturing to develop empathy into a habit, they may not be able to relate to others, which can impact their social appropriateness. Facebook has become one of the most popular source of online communication, creating problems for personal socialization between individuals. Facebook offers connection without the hassle of face to face emotion. They meet people, date, establish friendships a relationship without knowing the induvial on the other side of the screen. This has brought concerns of weather empathy is being lost in people who are often users of social media. In a study Facebook user were asked to delete friends from their accounts with an incentive of 24cents per each deleted friend, with in the first week 82,000 users removed 23,960 friends. Raising the question of empathy in relation to one another (e.g., Stritzke et al. and Ellison et al.) While others argue that Facebook helps with the complex physical and psychological contains. The limitations of this study are the users of Facebook were provided incentives to delete friends, should they have not provided incentives would they have had the result they had (Chan, T. H. (2014). The Internet usage paradox posits that, as a powerful communicative tool, extensive Internet usage may hinder users’ real-life communications. Facebook further underscores this paradox. Designed to facilitate social bonding, some Facebook users may reduce real-life bonding with others. There are two explanations for this suppression effect: displacement of social activities, and replacement of strong social ties. First, the time spent on using or updating Facebook may displace the time otherwise spent on real-life social activities. Second, people may substitute better quality ties with weaker ones ( (e.g., Stritzke et al. and Ellison et al). Facebook is designed with sophisticated social bonding aids that allow individuals to express their feelings and experiences freely to concentric circles of †friends.† These postings allow others to †access† the individual’s opinions, emotions, and activities, hence reducing the need to engage in real-life communication (Chan, Terri H). Together with the convenience of accessing Facebook, some people incline to replace genuine real-world interactions with less engaging digital ones, causing the suppression. Speci?cally, this study investigates how this suppression effect may affect individuals with a particular psychological makeup. As discussed, extroverts may expand their social circle through FB at a cost of real-life social interactions (Chan, Terri H). The replacement thus dampens their empathic social skills. They suggested that the shift in empathy levels could be driven by a more individualistic and self-centered attitude, as indicated by the label of â€Å"Generation Me† (Twenge, J.M). Support for this view comes from a survey that found only a small percentage of young adults listed helping others as their primary goal, while the majority indicated that becoming wealthy was the most important goal in their lives (Pew Research Center). Method Participants The participants were 386 adults recruited from a large metropolitan city in Northern California. There were 328 participants who identified as females, 55 participants who identified as males, and 2 participants identified as gender non-binary. The age range for the sample was18 to 86 years (M = 33.49, SD = 12.64). Regarding educational attainment, 4 had less than a high school degree, 155had a high school diploma or equivalent, 75 had an associate degree, 98 had a bachelor’s degree, and 52had a graduate or professional degree. You read "The Relationship Between Social Media and Empathy" in category "Papers" Materials and Measures Data were collected using online survey. The survey included questions about demographic, empathy, and social media. Quantitative surveys collected information by asking specific questions and then coding the data using SPSS in numerical form for appropriate statistical analyses. Independent t-test was used to run statistical analyses of data gathered from survey. Empathy Empathy was measured using Jolliffe and Farrington’s (2006) 20-item Basic Empathy Scale (BES). Participants rated each item on a 5-point Likert type scale (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neither agree nor disagree, 4 = agree, and 5 = strongly agree). Nine items assessed cognitive empathy (e.g., â€Å"I can understand my friend’s happiness when s/he does well at something†) and 11 items assessed affective empathy (e.g., â€Å"after being with a friend who is sad about something, I usually feel sad†). After reverse-coding eight negatively worded items, participants’ ratings were summed across all 20 items. Participants’ scores could range from 20 (low in empathy) to 100 (high level of empathy). Reliability analyses indicated good reliability (Cronbach’s ? = .82). Facebook was measure using a time scale with a 4-point Likert type scale (1 = less than 1 hr., 2 = 1-2hrs, 3 = 3-4 hrs., 4= 4+hrs.) survey question consisted of on average, how many hours do you spend on Facebook each day? Participants’ scores could range from less than one hour (low in usage) to 4 or more hours (high usage). Reliability analyses indicated poor reliability. Procedure This anonymous survey was designed by undergraduate students in a research method course. Survey was posted in popular social media sites where participants randomly chose to take the survey. The survey was approximately 15-20 minutes. Risks associated with this study are not anticipated to be greater than those risks encountered in daily life. Participation in study are voluntary, participants have the right to stop or leave study at any time without penalty or loss of benefits to which they may be entitled to. Any information that is obtained is connection with this study will remain confidential. Social media sites were used as a platform to distribute the survey to participant to consent form was need as it was stated in survey that it was a volunteer free choice to participate in study survey. This method of survey is different from other administer due to its variety of social site questions that are asked providing a variety of data to choose from when analyzing. Results The mean score for empathy was 75.2824 (SD = 8.22922). The overall the mean score for how many hours adults spend on Facebook was 1.88 (SD =.848). Comparing to the hours spend using Facebook one hour or less (M=74.95, SD=8.75) while 1-2 hours (M=75.11, SD = 7.51) conditions; t(247)= -.162= p=.872. The result show that there is a weak correlation between the two variables. Comparing the relationship between empathy and hours spend on Facebook independent t-test was using to confirm that empathy levels are not affected by the hours using Facebook. Participants used Facebook for an average of two hours per day (range: less than 1hour to 2 hours, Table 1). Facebook use for the day of testing was significantly correlated empathy (t = -.163, p .872). For Facebook Usage, independent t-test confirmed that females spent more time per day on Facebook. For Facebook. Simple bar graph was using to understand if gender makes a difference in hours spend using Facebook. The bar graph shows that there is no significance in gender difference between the hours spend using Facebook and empathy levels (female, male, vinery, Table 2). Discussion This study is part of a larger study which investigates the use of different social media sites and the effect it may have on empathy levels in users. For this part of the study we analyze the hours spend per day using Facebook effect the level of empathy in adults. We hypothesis that empathy would decrease as hours increase using Facebook. An anonymous online survey was administered to more than 386 The survey measured real-world empathy using a well-established scale (the Basic Empathy Scale, BES), also with specific question about social media usage, are the hours spend per day using Facebook effect the level of empathy in adults? Results show that there is no significant difference in levels of empathy due to hours spend using Facebook. Although just being online does not seem to eliminate empathy, Konrath’s review of personality traits in the era of the Internet showed declines in some personality variables, including empathy. Research showed lower empathy scores for contemporary college students in comparison to college students over the last 30 years (Konrath, O’Brien, Hsing) Konrath raised the possibility that the declines in empathy could be related to people spending time online and engaging in superficial interactions with others. Small and Vorgan said that being online reduces an individual’s capacity for empathy. Primarily, this claim was based on the assumption that going online reduces the amount of time spent face-to-face with others. For sure, elements of non-verbal communication essential to reading emotions, such as facial expressions, body posture, eye contact, gestures, and touch, are missing from texts, instant messages, and social networking conversations. However, Caplan and Turner’s description of online comforting behavior argued that being online can support empathy or even increase it. The new findings in this research help shed some understanding of how social media is affecting or not effecting its users. Are findings show that there is no difference between less than 1hour to 1-2 hours of active use to effect empathy. Limitations that could have affected results are pool sample size, Sample size comparing to the number of users in Facebook data obtain is small providing little information that can be compare. This could be fixed by having the survey effective for a longer time one week is not enough to obtain effective data. self-report data was gathered using online surveys, date can be contaminated with bias answers, making the survey shorter could lower subjective answers. One to one interview with participants and hours spending using social media can reduce subjective hours and provide us with better data. Lastly, time consuming survey, this may have been the result of multiple question not answer, shorter length of survey will increase the chances of fully response survey. While this research provided a glimpse of how social media effect the level of empathy in adults. We need to educate consumers of the possible effect social media may have in their empathy. Research into online health support communities has found that empathy does exist among the participants (Carrier, Spradlin, Bunce, and Rosen). So, just being â€Å"behind a screen† does not eliminate empathy among technology users. Further, going online generally does not appear to reduce peoples’ capacity for real-world empathy. More reach need to be done for online activities to appear to negatively affect real-world empathy, including video gaming and online activities that are not associated with increased time. How to cite The Relationship Between Social Media and Empathy, Papers

Place In Periodic Table Essays - Arsenic, Chemical Elements

Place In Periodic Table Phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and bismuth (Bi) form a group of four elements in Group 5A of the periodic table. They exhibit increasing metallic properties going down the group. Nitrogen (N), which heads the group, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. Phosphorus is a highly reactive nonmetal, arsenic and antimony are poisonous metalloids, and bismuth is a true metal. Because of the arrangement of the outer electrons in their atoms, each of these elements can form up to five chemical bonds with other elements or groups of elements. Arsenic has an atomic number 33, atomic mass is 74.9216, and it sublimes (passes directly into a vapor without melting) at 613? C. History The Earth's crust contains relatively little arsenic, only about 5.5 parts per million. Arsenic and some arsenic compounds have been known for a long time. Aristotle thought that arsenic was a kind of sulfur. The Latin word arsenicum means yellow orpiment (a pigment containing arsenic and sulfur). While knowledge of arsenic dates back to ancient Greece, it wasn't until the Middle Ages that its poisonous characteristics were described. It was identified by Albert Magnus about 1250, and he described the way to manufacture it. Since then the method has scarcely changed: the mineral arsenopyrite is heated and decomposes with the liberation of arsenic gas. The gas can be condensed on a cold surface. Metallic Arsenic was first produced in the 17th century by heating arsenic with potash and soap. General Properties Arsenic is very similar to antimony and bismuth. It exists in bright, metallic forms that are stable in air. It is found free in nature or in combination with other elements, usually sulfur. It is most often used to improve the strength and hardness of alloys, which are combinations of metals. Arsenic is a gray, shiny metalloid, which is a moderately good conductor of heat and electricity, but gray arsenic is brittle and breaks easily. This is the ordinary, stable form of the element. There are two other allotropes (solid forms)--yellow arsenic and black arsenic, whose modifications have no metallic properties. Occasionally found free in nature, arsenic usually occurs in combination with sulfur, oxygen or certain metals like cobalt, copper, nickel, iron, silver, and tin. In combination, such arsenic is referred to as inorganic arsenic. Arsenic combined with carbon and hydrogen is referred to as organic arsenic. The organic forms are usually less toxic than inorganic forms. The principal arsenic-containing mineral is arsenopyrite. The most widely used arsenic compound is white arsenic, also called arsenic trioxide. It is usually produces as a by-product of the smelting (melting)of copper or lead. At about 400? C it burns with a bluish flame, forming the As2O3 (arsenic triox ide), which is used as a rat poison. In water, arsenic combinations range from being quite soluble (sodium arsenite and arsenic acid) to practically insoluble (arsenic trisulfide). Twenty-one arsenic compounds are considered to be of concern because of their toxicity and/or presence in the environment. Commercial Uses Compounds of arsenic have been used since ancient times for many purposes, including medicines and poisons. In Aristotle's time it was used to harden copper. Orpiment and realgar have long been used as depilatories in the leather industry. When orpiment is rubbed on silver, it gives the surface a golden color. Orpiment thus appears to have one of the properties attributed to the philosophers' stone, and it was therefore an important material for alchemists. Nowadays, it is used in the manufacture of fungicides, weed killers, rat poisons, herbicides, pesticides and insecticides. It is also used to manufacture lead gun shot, to harden the lead, and used in certain types of electrical equipment and to increase the strength of certain alloys. Arsenic is also blended with gallium to produce semiconductors. Effect On Humans Arsenic is a deadly poison and its toxic quality has also been known since ancient times. In the human body it accumulates in the hair and the nails, where it can be detected-even in the bodies of people long dead-by the Marsh test. The Marsh test was devised as a forensic test, where gas arsine is heated to form a metallic mirror of arsenic. Arsenic poisoning may be either acute or chronic. Acute poisoning occurs when a person